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Effective PKU Management Requires Early and Lifelong Treatment1

PKU is a genetic disorder characterized by the body’s inability to break down the amino acid Phe.2

Elevated Phe levels pose significant risks at every stage of life1,3

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics strongly recommends maintaining Phe levels of ≤360 µmol/L for life, emphasizing its link to higher IQ and improved cognitive outcomes. Clinical experience indicates there is no harm for people with PKU to have Phe levels of 30-120 µmol/L.

The challenges of a lifelong diet1,3-5

Diet alone often fails as the only strategy to help patients manage Phe levels, creating nutritional gaps, emotional distress, social isolation, and daily burdens. Other solutions are needed that work in conjunction with the PKU diet that may help patients overcome challenges and live fuller lives.

The need for early and consistent care1,2,6

Lifelong Phe management is crucial to prevent complications and optimize outcomes. Yet, current treatments may not work for everyone and often fall short, leaving a critical gap in care for individuals with PKU.

The lifelong impact of poorly controlled Phe1

EARLY CHILDHOOD

High Phe levels in early childhood can lead to irreversible cognitive impairment, developmental delays, and behavioral challenges.3

ADOLESCENCE

During adolescence, poor Phe control contributes to deficits in executive function, academic struggles, and social difficulties.3,7

ADULTHOOD

High Phe levels in adulthood can harm mental health, productivity, and quality of life, increasing the risks of anxiety, depression, and cognitive challenges.3

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Phe: Phenylalanine; PKU: Phenylketonuria.

References: 1. Smith WE, Berry SA, Bloom K, et al. Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency diagnosis and management: A 2023 evidence‐based clinical guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med. 2025;27(1):101289. doi:10.1016/j.gim.2024.101289 2.  Muntau AC, Longo N, Ezgu F, et al. Effects of oral sepiapterin on blood Phe concentration in a broad range of patients with phenylketonuria (APHENITY): results of an international, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2024;404(10460):1333–1345. doi:10.1016/S0140‐6736(24)01556‐3 3.  Ashe K, Kelso W, Farrand S, et al. Psychiatric and cognitive aspects of phenylketonuria: The limitations of diet and promise of new treatments. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:561. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00561 4. Remor E, Gabe KM, Teruya KI, Doederlein Schwartz IV. What is known about patients’ quality of life with phenylketonuria and their caregivers? A scoping review. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2024;19(1):402. doi:10.1186/s13023‐024‐03422‐4 5.  Anton‐Păduraru DT, Trofin F, Chis A, et al. Current insights into nutritional management of phenylketonuria: An update for children and adolescents. Children (Basel). 2025;12(2):199. doi:10.3390/children12020199 6.  Camp KM, Parisi MA, Acosta PB, et al. Phenylketonuria scientific review conference: state of the science and future research needs. Mol Genet Metab. 2014;112(2):87–122. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.02.013 7. Blau N, van Spronsen FJ, Levy HL. Phenylketonuria. Lancet. 2010;376(9750):1417–1427. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60961-0

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